Recently I met with Eben Moglen, the founder, Director-Counsel and Chairman of the Software Freedom Law Center, and David W. Levine, a researcher at IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center and IBM representative to the Architectural Working Group, for an informal conversation that looked at many of the fundamental social, technological and legal questions of building 3D immersive online spaces like Second Life.
I live only a couple of blocks from the Software Freedom Law Center. And, as the opening sourcing of the Second Life Architecture is pressing forward, I decided I must at least try to get the thoughts of my neighbor who is the great advocate for the role of free software as a fundamental requirement for a democratic and free society.
I was delighted when Eben Moglen said that I could stop by and ask some questions. But he made clear, from the outset, that he wasn’t the optimistic advocate for immersive virtual worlds that I am. But the stage was set for what I felt could be a very important debate, so at the next Architectural Working Group meeting in Second Life I asked David W. Levine (a.k.a Zha Ewry in Second Life) if he was willing to come along and take part in this discussion. The photo of Zha below is by Noelani Lightfoot the proprietor of Quixotic Photography in Second Life (see her great Flickr stream here).
David is one of the most experienced architects, not from Linden Lab, involved in the Architectural Working Group’s efforts to open source the server side architecture of Second Life and develop open standards for virtual worlds. What followed was a fascinating and wide ranging conversation in which Moglen and Levine discussed how the choices we make about the design of virtual spaces and avatar interfaces in general can affect the whole path of human society.
Moglen and Levine explore, in depth, the problem of defining digital public space and issues of privacy on the internet, offering many suggestions on how to implement online privacy enhancing technologies and insights as to how we could design the next generation of these technologies in responsible ways.
A Conversation Between Eben Moglen and David W. Levine. (instigated and transcribed by Tish Shute, Ugotrade)
In this interview David Levine is speaking personally, not representing IBM’s official position on any of the issues under discussion. Also, neither Eben Moglen nor I (Tish Shute) represent or have any affiliation with IBM. We are all speaking from our own perspectives. And I apologize in advance for any errors I may have inadvertently introduced through faulty transcription and/or editing to the speech of Eben Moglen and David Levine.
David: This is entirely Tish’s idea, I’m tagging along to ask interesting questions and hear your insights.
Tish: Yes I roped David in because in terms of the Architectural Working Group in Second Life and the open sourcing of the server side architecture as he is one of the most experienced architects not from LL.
David: Yes IBM has an interest in promoting virtual worlds as standards based environments.
Eben: On the theory that avatar based interfaces have some broader purpose?
David: Right. Something akin to Second Life or variations of it in five or ten years is going to be deeply disruptive. Exactly which piece of it, I’m not making predictions actually, or exactly how it becomes disruptive.
I think it turns into the flavor of things like right now you go into Amazon, you go to book reviews. And there are 50 or 60 people who very carefully putting their opinions down and there are maybe ten other people who are curious about the author — who currently are thinking about buying their book. But you can’t see them on the web at all. But they’re there side by side pulling the pages reading the reviews commenting on them. But you have no chance of interacting with them at all. If in fact we can say now that you’re interested in talking about this author and this book, there are ten people happen to be in the internet context, interested in doing that.
Can we bring you together and have a conversation. You can ask a question rather than simply read someone’s written report. Why do you think the character is interesting? Was it because they do interesting things? Was it because their thought processes as described by the author interesting? What makes this a compelling book to you personally? And we can have a dialog rather than a static web.
Things like that, I think, are going to happen. Do they look like giant wolves wandering around freely through the Internet - which is half game space and half social a space, half social interaction spacee. Partially because in fact because Linden Lab didn’t set out to create that thing, people did, so I figure some of that meets human needs.
But the disruptive change is this weird blend between Wiki, comment pages, chat, talk, and 3D helps along with it. I’m deeply opposed to calling it 3D internet. I think you focus on avatars and visualization and you miss the fact that it’s a blend between what My Space does and classic internet chat that’s really exiting -which a lot of social community building.
What followed at this point was a wide- ranging discussion on whether Virtual Worlds may effect fundamental aspects of human neurology -“Is this an interface that grows the mind or shrinks the mind?” - and underlying issues and problems with privacy on the internet. Two key questions Moglen raises are: “Is store it yourself fundamental to freedom in the 20th Century?” and, “Who gets the logs?” I touched on these questions in an earlier post, “If The Metaverse Goes Wrong….” And there is an excellent podcast of Eben Moglen speaking on these issues at the MySQL conference. Also see David F. Flanders blog.
To focus this post on some very practical suggestions re privacy and avatar rights that came up in this particular discussion, I begin the transcription where the discussion began to dig down, both conceptually and technically, into the architecture of digital public space.
Eben: When I teach about this with law students, I say there are three elements that are mixed up in privacy and we tend not to notice which one we are talking about at any given moment.
There is secrecy - that is the data should not be readable by or understandable by anybody except me or people I designate. There is anonymity which is the data can be seen by anybody but about whom it is should be knowable only by me or people that I designate. And there is autonomy which isn’t about either secrecy or anonymity but which is about my right to live under circumstances which reinforce my sense that I am in control of my own fate. And this form of privacy is actually the one we talk about in the constitutional structure when we talk about the right to get an abortion or use birth control.
The Supreme Court says this about the ability to make our own life choices about having control over the serious consequences of circumstances in our lives in which we make moral judgments. But in the original companion to Roe against Wade, Doe versus Bolton, which was the Georgia Law that was being challenged at the same time that the Texas Law was challenged, Mr. Justice Douglas wrote the opinion for the Supreme Court in which he talked about the freedom to walk, loaf, or stroll meaning that it was more than just a question of some particularly important life decisions.
There was a feeling of a constitutional liberty in making ones own decisions about all the matters in ones life, which I think is also the liberty interest that the court protects in a case like [[inaudible]?? The guy simply wanted to walk about LA in the night time and got tired of being asked to show his drivers license at every step because he was a six foot tall black man with dread locks. He sued over the right, which I thought we used to have in the US, to walk around without having to identify ourselves to people all the time which isn’t just an anonymity problem but becomes a problem because it forces certain kinds of choices on us.
I think that the real issue here is about the forcing on choices on us. I see again and again the ways in which people now find themselves unable to make certain life choices easily because there digital self has acquired an inflexibility that constrains their non-digital self.
Lets start with really simple stories of minor behavior.
A law student comes to me and she says: “I had this bad break up with my boyfriend. And I didn’t want to be on My Space all the time looking at all the photos of him with his new girlfriend. So I dropped out of My Space and I went away. But the problem was that I was the photo collector for my little circle of friends which wasn’t so little. And, I had eight thousand tagged photos that was everybody’s life in law school. And, I was the one who was the keeper of everybody’s photo album. And, when I dropped of My Space they couldn’t get to those photos anymore.
So this was a real cost to people and they were really pissed about it. And they needed to decide how to go ahead and persuade me to come back to My Space. But of course they had already graduated and spread out among law firms and cities in N. America. So they had to coordinate the campaign to get me to come back to My Space. So they made a make so and so come back to MY Space page, in My Space. And, they went and hashed out all this over their photos because they weren’t going to leave all their photos from law school in a place which they couldn’t get to them because of my break up with my boyfriend.
Now there is a point that a fundamental decision occurs that she feels pretty seriously about as an individual. But she is being subjected to a campaign of peer pressure to hold her in circumstances that she is not going to like in order to get the photo album back.
Oh we might say oh there are a million other ways to solve that problem you can upload them all to Flickr and get the hell out of there. But what is actually happening she wanted to leave town and she couldn’t.
We have got to understand that when she wanted to leave town and she couldn’t. The digital self was trapped by a fence that the physical self had no problem passing through and moving on from.
We don’t want that to happen to people. We understood when the Soviet Empire decayed that all over it were places where people felt trapped in webs of surveillance and betrayal and interaction that had a kind of sinister feeling even if there is no Gulag and there is no shooting. And many of us feel very uncomfortable with the changes in the society we live in the United States in the past several years where for us there is no Gulag, no shooting, no being swept away with out charges.
We don’t actually think that like some poor lawyer in Oregon that our finger print is going to be misidentified as that of a suicide bomber’s accomplice in Spain. But we are aware that these webs of knowledge about us are beginning to control us because our digital persona is subject to leverage and to being interfered with in ways that matter.
I think that the question is there a power in projecting yourself into new environments in which you can meet people in new terms and in rich ways has no second answer, and there is no downside to it. But we owe it to people to build safe spaces.
When you said its Anaheim and they own it. We are touching on one of the really important problems for me as a lawyer which is these concepts of property.
I have just got done with guys who think protocols are property. Now I am going to have guys who think music is property. And after that I am going to have guys who think carriage is property. And at the other end is this sort of “you are on my digital island and I can look through your clothes if I want to because it is my island and that’s the way I make the rules.”
Now we have got a very strange notion here of property and we have a very unusual structure because most of the property that they could have in Anaheim is subject to governing. And even if it is Celebration Florida they still have only as much Home Rule as the Florida legislature will give them. And if there march against Alabama or even Logan Valley shopping center there’s rules that say what you can do in a company town about controlling people’s speech. I feel absolutely certain that when Google does it there will not be a guaranteed right to carry a sign that can be read by everybody in town explaining why Google sucks. It’s just not going to happen that way.
David: This is the “I write the TOS for people coming onto this public space. And there is no constitutional guarantees in this space.” Argument.
Eben: And I get the benefit of calling it a public space by which I actually mean my private space, real estate I invented.
David: Now in fact if you wanted to do something interesting there. This is to toss something into the tools to play with. And to toss it to you, in particular, because you are good at playing with these kind of tools. Which is, if I was going to attack that, I would go and attack that under common carrier. If you want to be a public space, if you want the benefits in law of being a common carrier then you have to accept these constraints on you behavior.
Eben: Well this is why this network neutrality thing rolled up out of nowhere. This is where this came from. The problem with this it is that it already begins by saying what you really like is innkeepers and stagecoach guys. This is an attempt to throw your selves 800 years in the past in order to come up with an analogy.
I think what we really want to say is something like this. If you are talking about a public space your talking about a thing that has not just a TOS contract but a social contract.
It’s a thing which has to do with what you get and what you give up in order to be there.
There ought to be two rules about. One: Avatars ought to exist independent of any individual social contract put forward by any particular space. And two: Social contracts ought to be available in a machine readable form which allows the avatar projection intelligence to know exactly what the rules are and to allow you set effective guidelines about I don’t go to spaces where people don’t treat me in ways that I consider to be crucial in my treatment.
Its one thing to say that the code is open source - let’s even say free software - it is another thing to say that that code has to behave in certain ways it has to maintain certain rules of social integrity.
It has got to tell you what the rules are of the space where you are it has to give you an opportunity to make an informed consent about what is going to happen given those rules. It has got to give you an opportunity to know those things in an automatic sort of way so I can set up my avatar to say, you know what, I don’t go to places where I am on video camera all the time. Self, if you are about to walk into a room where there are video cameras on all the time just don’t walk through that door. So I don’t have to sign up and click yes on 27 agreements, I have got an avatar that doesn’t go into places that aren’t clean and well lit.
David: So if I am going to walk into a space there is an “Ehum - you about to go into a space you really don’t want to go into.” So I can make an informed decision whether the trade off is worth it or not.
Eben: But that’s fine but you are going to have to go even further by saying here is the reason why you don’t want to go in there. Here is what you said in the past about why you don’t like places like this. You got to have an angel sitting on your shoulder - a code angel.
David: But before we can even do that we have to mark the world in such a way that I can make - that I can detect that I am making that choice.
Eben: That’s right you have to force the existence of social contracts in terms that are explainable. It is like I say to my students: “Should there be informed consent for My Space or Facebook?”
If I were doing this as a University project - if I was setting this up inside Columbia University - and building one of these space, and if we were going to have people there, volunteers, I would have to go to the IRB. I would have to explain why this was permissible human subjects research. And I would have to show the IRB an informed consent disclosure that showed what the risks were and allowed people intelligently to decide whether they wanted to run them.
Now I have got libertarian colleagues around the university, in the Law School in the Philosophy Dept in other universities who think this IRB stuff is creeping totalitarianism because it is inhibiting the rights of researchers to find out about the world.
And I understand their point of view. Just as I also understand why we have decided that there is some unethical human subjects research conducted in the past of which we consider so abhorrent that we won’t allow researcher to use those numbers. We consider that data to be the fruit of the poison tree. Not even to save our own pilots shot down in cold water will we use the studies about what happens when you put people in freezing water because we think that evidence comes from experiments you shouldn’t be allowed to conduct.
Now I look at these immersive experiences for children that the Times was writing about last week where you have four and five yr olds buying virtual gear in immersive spaces. And I think that is unethical activity. I think that the rules about children television are weak and not very important. But they are way stronger than that would let you get away with that kind of stuff on TV.
I think that is really serious screwing around with children’s wiring to explain to them that they have to be consumers of stuff that doesn’t exist where the only reason that they can’t have what they want is because the software is programmed not to give it to them unless they pay.
That’s a fundamental education in control of life by unfree software so elegant that Stallman probably doesn’t even know it is there because it is so horrible. But that is another perfectly imaginable outcome of this stuff. We create these things we create beautiful 3D amusements parks. We sell children rides for actual money extracted from real parents because the ride won’t go unless you put another nickel in the slot. And we going say - well its ….Disney Land.
Tish: Yes the children’s worlds can be very extreme….
Eben: Well Disney Land is a little extreme. When you go to Disney Land they open a file on you and they follow you through life. Disney buys everything that is can buy about all those children who have ever been to Disney land and they have got a reason which is bringing them back.
The average number of visits to Disney Land by people brought to Disney Land as children is four in a lifetime. Disney’s goal over the next 20 years is to make that six. And in order to make that six all they have to do is keep buying everything they can buy about all those people they opened a file on as children looking for opportunities by data mining to find an opportunity, like the oncoming 65th birthday of a parent or an oncoming retirement or a this or a that. They just have to play the siblings off against one another - you’ve never been to Disney Land but Johnny has. … They are going to do what they can do to create feelings around that person that says remember what it felt like being in Disney land when you are child - do that again.
Tish: So what can we do about this - for example now we have an architecture working group - a community group - that is working with Linden Lab on creating an open architecture that aims to get away from the current model - the one that you are talking about right now that is currently the model for LL and everyone ….
David: And Linden Lab are better than most in that they are actually relatively explicit.
So, for instance one of the things that came up in their kick off for doing their next generation of architecture was what are the Avatars Bill of Rights what things do we prevent the technology from letting happen to avatars. They actually had that discussion.
And Lessig who was relatively enlightened about this had some comments about “Well we don’t want to force going to a public space that somebody else hosts other than Linden Labs to be a way of taking away rights from avatars explicitly.” Which is good. But none the less the model for 90% of the service providers is always going to be: “We have got you’re data. We have got your chat stream, we may have your voice stream, and we have your action stream. How much do you realize we data mine?”
Tish: Is the architecture group thinking about these issues?
Eben: One way of imagining that business …is that there is a “screen” and somebody is going to get it. Another way of looking at it is there may be some element in which the avatar projector is itself the guy who has a part of the screen.
If you want to be really aggressive about it lets assume we have infinite processing power and can slow things down to a crawl. We can take that screen and split it up in a shared secrets manner so that you could reconstruct the screen out of the data held by all of the people who were there. You could even reconstruct the screen if you had opt in co-operation from say 4/5ths or 5/6ths of the people who were there but no one person who was there could reconstruct the whole screen.
This is the sort of thing which cryptography was designed to make it possible to do. Its how escrowing systems in the high security world are supposed to work.
Lets just go ahead and finish this up. For every one of these that is built in the non secret world there is going to be one built in the secret world. So in the Government world we are going to have secure structures. One possible way of having secure structures is there is a trusted server and that will work for intranet kinds of use.
But lets just imagine for a moment what I think of for a conceivable reason for having this stuff is for the conduct of diplomacy, actual meetings. There is a whole lot of stuff that diplomats do because which is very expensive to do because it involves sitzplatz.You send guys to Vienna and they meet every week for thirty years for no good reason . You could do a lot of that in other ways - some of it by video conference - but lets us just for a moment assume that there are things you could do by means of certain kinds large meetings that occur in a neutral environment.
You could set it up so that no one party at the negotiating table actually has a record of what happened. Only by cooperation of multiple parties is the record of what happened there reconstructable. Because the way the space works is that it automatically divides all of the stream data up amongst the avatars and gives it to them in a shared secret structure. So without the cooperation of avatars you don’t have a reconstructable event.
At the moment, I am talking about technology that I can spec but it would be a little bit burdensome in performance terms to implement. But that doesn’t mean anything if we just keep doubling the speed of the chips.
David: Presumably if any of us get together and we have a conversation at my client end I see everything that is said, in some form. The question is how you prevent me from keeping that stream.
Eben: yes right we are going to be living inside an encrypted environment ..
David: Yes right and right down to the eyeballs of course because at some point the digital stream is there and I can capture it…
Eben: maybe although but remember the data mining isn’t just have having the chat stream…
David: No I agree, so the question is how much can you reconstruct - you can reconstruct a lot of it. I can pretty well capture the stream of everything my avatar saw. I can’t see what the other people had in the background conversation without their cooperation. But I can do everything that is said in public.
Eben: Yes, of course, and the most important thing is that, that is as much as the space manager can see too. And the space manager can see no more than what happened in public which is usually what we are concerned about.
David: So one set of reasonable desiderata here would be that stuff that we build enable a lot of that - which is to say that assets held by private individuals it should be possible to put them on private servers and pair wise or group wise discussions should be securable in and of themselves.
Eben: The protocols ought to be agnostic) But, it would be enough if the protocols were agnostic with respect to how that collection occurs. If the protocols of operation don’t necessitate that the data of operation wind up in any particular place then you got a protocol consistent with both what is now the familiar model and the less familiar model where more information stays at the end place.
David: Right now every single bit of data that’s in Second Life is owned by Linden Labs because you put it on their server and they fetch it back out.
One thing we are going to do for lots of good reasons is go to a web centric model where lots of the assets get pulled on to web servers traditional old fashioned web servers. At that point there’s absolutely no reason why I can’t say these are my assets I will let people come to me and ask for permission to see them. And many of them I will share freely, because the clothing I am wearing is the clothing I want them to see the clothing I’m wearing. But the contents of my pocket, my wallet, I’m not going to be so eager to give them. And it ought to be possible to have this office in a virtual world in which you say…
Eben: My filing cabinet is locked.
David: Right! The furniture, everything in here is public. But I’m going to pull out this document in which I’m going to show you some really cool ideas about this law suit we’re engaged in, and you can read it here, and you can walk away with what I gave your client to read. But you can’t find out the rest of my file cabinet at all because it’s safe in my machine.
And you may not even be able to take that document off the island as it were, out of the office. You may be able to take the pages you’ve read from it. The other thing that’s equally important is can I do the chat pier to pier rather than through the central server. Is there any reason why Instant Messaging as opposed to public chat gets dragged through public space. It certainly shouldn’t be.
Eben: Right. The protocol design ought to take as a feature that there is no requirement for intermediation of any communication among parties.
David: Right. Other than that which we need to do to actually get the consensual state. What we’re doing is taking my word, your words, Tish’s words, putting them into one spot and then sending them back out.
Eben: There are things we can agree to do together, but once we are together there are things we can agree to do apart.
David: Right! But there is some core tapping. If we were each sitting on a computer 500 miles apart, in order to have this discussion we do have to bring the space together and spread it back out. But we don’t have to let the guys over there see it unless we want to.
Eben: What we have is both point to point and many to many kinds of conversational modalities and that there shouldn’t be any intrinsic reason to block them off. Now there may be situations since that famous parental controls system. I don’t actually want people sideling up to my children and whispering in their ears in public places. I’m content to let my children be publicly addressed in public places because transparency is an opportunity to avoid certain kinds of misbehavior. And there may be locations which are transparent locations. And if you enter a transparent location, that should be something known to the avatar in a technical way as an entry point and it should be possible for avatars to either seek or avoid such spaces.
I think the goal here is to confine the conception ‘property’ to meaning something like traditional right to exclude and not let property in the form of the greater includes the less since it’s my property I may define everything that goes on here, and I may make whatever rules I please here. There is some community of communities which defines ’states’ which it is OK for places to be in.
There was a story in the New York Times a day or two ago, about a public park in Oregon that had gone bad. It was written in a slightly frivolous but not entirely frivolous way. It’s an ex-urban park, meant originally as a kind of highway rest stop park, far enough from everybody else that bad things began to happen.
People began to have sex in public, there are child molesters who pitched tents there and lived there, and so over time it becomes more a locus of crime than a locus of recreation. And what the parks authority of Oregon does is they shut it down. They close it up. They chase everything away from it. And now they’re in what they think of as a sort of rebooting period for the park. And then it’ll come back and a different community will be attracted to it and it will be a different park.
This is an example of ’space gone bad’ in meat space places. You can certainly imagine renegade space in a immersive world. Places where operators are not following the rules. Places where the operators are taking advantage of the free software nature of space building to build spaces which are deceptive about how they look.
They seem to be spaces of type X and they’re actually spaces of type Y. That should be at least a regulatory interaction if not a crime. That should constitute socially actionable misbehavior. Making spaces that don’t behave the way they seem to behave, that don’t give you what they seem to give you. And if we come out of all of this saying the FTC will occasionally make an order about this, I’m going to feel very dissatisfied.
David: There are a couple of interesting things lurking there again, one of which is, in the web today we don’t generally think of it as having two parts. There’s the very public part of the web, where you go to a page like CNN and you get the content and it’s assumed to conform to fairly common broad norms. And then there’s a different part of the web where people know that that’s not true. All pornography and large portions of adult community which are not necessarily pornographic but have some content of theirs that’s restricted and they tend to have click throughs often. So you get something that says you need to be informed at some level that something’s happening.
At the moment none of that interestingly enough is in the protocols, there’s nothing in http that says I have to mark my page as mature, or I have to mark my page as you might not want to bring your child here.
Eben: Right. And as you may recall Larry was himself a big believer in picks and the idea of privacy platform standards built in the web pages. In the end the theory was look there’s a big first amendment problem with making people grade their web pages.
Sandra Day O’Connor went for this theory of doors and locks and walls in cyberspace in the first child decency case. Larry realized he had started the United States Supreme Court down a very dangerous crooked highway and to climb back out again, it’s never happened. And Tim Burness Lee and the others weren’t enthusiastic to say the least, so it never occurred.
Now here it’s a little bit different and the reason it’s a bit different is your public accommodation law kind of aspect. You’re making a public space OK? We’re not telling you grade your web pages, we’re telling you if you’re going to have a public space you’ve got to obey the fire code. You have to post maximum occupancy. You’ve got to avoid chaining the fire doors shut.And you can’t put a surveillance camera in the ladies room. You can’t do it! And that’s sense. Not it’s my space I can do whatever and if you don’t want to take a piss in my monitored men’s room, you don’t have to. That’s not going to fly.
David: Right. There’s a series of layers here just like we say look there are certain things that you can never do in your public space or even in your private space. We don’t allow you to say this is my 5000 acre ranch therefore I can shoot people. We say there are limits to your right to use your space as you desire. Even if you have your Celebration – home rule ends with the norms of the state.
Eben: You can even own a city but you can’t own a city which is an island in space all by itself. It’s got to be part of the rule of law it has to acknowledge sovereign power
David: Except for Mogda Dishu perhaps.
Eben: Well — and that’s what we call a failed state. And I guess what I’m worried about is building a…
David: failed digital space.
Eben: That’s right.
David: That I think there is an argument here that is interesting and worth exploring which is what would be good ways of - you know - we don’t have good rules for digital space we have none in fact. They are a Wild West in fact. There isn’t any sense that the constitution will apply in digital spaces.
Eben: This is why the whole political evolution of free software turns out to be interesting. Stallman creates in effect a constitution of the project, that’s GPL. It functions very narrowly but within its very limited range, it’s supreme, as Judge Marshall would have said right.
Debian free software guidelines and the Debian social contract tried to imagine the constitution of a distribution. Tries to imagine a constitution of a state solely about software building. Privacy policy in the United States which his supposed to be market driven and grow out of positive interaction with the FTC gives you the Ebay privacy policy, which is basically an attempt to imagine the constitution of a flea market.
David: And it is a reasonable thing to do if you are running a digital flea market.
Eben: And what you just said is that Second Life didn’t have a constitution because it it overdrove its headlights. And now your questions is so as that explodes as it inpupalizes as it loses its org chart and begins to float free as technology what would it mean to imagine the constitution of digital spaces in a multiplicity of reproducible forms ? That would be when it franchises.
David: What would it mean if in fact we succeed at the desire to say now we have an open software specification that says anybody can host a chunk of content they can create a public space using this technology and they can invite people to come into it and can bring content into it and share it. What would be good social contracts for those space is a very cogent question.
Eben: So one aspect of this is the debate between those who believe in the so called Aferro GPL and those who don’t. Let’s go back to this as a question of Free Software specialism.
I am going to make a pitch that if you don’t copyleft the software you have got another whole problem. Because in effect we all then l go to work for the guy who wins the race to the bottom. If we imagine this a BSP software we all become developers for the guy who has the one that is most abusive and least free.
That is why, in situations like this where we are talking about software with profound but multiple social consequences, I feel strongly about the utility of copyleft. The second thing I would say that if you imagine within the world of copyleft the fundamental difficulty of the, “its my server I made private modification I want to run this code for people who are willing to have this program run for them,” you can sort of see why even if you’re not distributing the software, if you’re offering services with this code, you have got to release the source code so we can see the modifications and learn from them becomes an important property in licensing.
That’s why the young guys like Mako Hill and others around Stallman are partisans of the Aferro GPL, because they see this in the long run as a really important freedom related question.
Google of course has entirely the opposite point of view of resting on rights which they want to exercise. And Google increasingly says, “well we’re rich enough to re-implement anything we want to, If it’s got a license and we don’t like on it, we won’t use the free world version. We’ll just write our own.
And that raises questions about when do you have to regulate regardless. Now in the world of e-bay because the free market takes real money for real goods and is patently engaged in interstate commerce nobody wants to rumble with the federal government and so everybody has a chief privacy officer and everybody acknowledges that there’s a regulatory role to play.
I think you could get to a point where that would be less obvious than true with respect to other kinds of entrants to the field. And I’m not convinced that the way you can get this done is by licensing the code correctly. But I do think that licensing of code is probably a part of the solution. I think the question of who is the steward of the code also matters. That is to say I think it probably does matter who the legal personalities are who maintain the spaces.
That Central Park out there, that’s a very municipal park but it’s got a bunch of people called the Central Park Conservancy, who are rich people who sit on a board of directors, some of whom hold public offices, some of whom don’t. But they put up a lot of money to keep that park and they have some kind of mysterious rights in Central Park that I’m not entirely sure I understand very well.
Just as I’m not very sure I understand this business improvement district for Lincoln Square that has these little rent-a-cops who patrol my neighborhood. As a local small business, I’m supposed to be very happy about those guys. But I’m perfectly aware that that’s a layer of government in which I am complicit but which I don’t control. And if I see one of those rent-a-cops kicking a homeless person it’s not exactly clear to me whose telephone number I’m supposed to dial. Even though in theory I’m the owner and supporter of those guys.
So I think that there is an ethical advisory board kind of question. I think there’s a dialogue. I think it’s a structured dialogue. I think it interacts with architecture at technical levels. And I think it interacts with structures of licensing and IP control. And I think it interacts with the strategists who invest on the basis of expectations about business laws. Because I think among other things it has a public informative role to play.
I’m sure that we’re going to enter here at maturity a dialog which looks a lot like some American style discussions about regulation. The people who think that disclosure is enough, the people who think that rules are enough, the people who think that you need agencies with quasi-prosecutorial powers to unearth wrongdoing, the people who think you should reward whistle blowers and so on.
The part that most interests me is the engineering because I believe in the durability of technology which is path dependent more than I believe in the congressional will to get things done or to stay where you’re put. The most corrupt man in Abraham Lincoln’s cabinet Simon Cameron Said, “the definition of an honest politician is a man who when bought stays bought.” and I’m very dubious about the honesty of our politicians.
David: There are clearly some really nice social activism open source related questions and any of that is…
Eben: And I don’t want to press this decline of reading stuff either because we agreed that is whatever it is so now let’s try and talk about the stuff you came to talk about.
David: By the end of the day I think there are 2 questions here one of which on a personal basis is as technologists one should have a responsibility to build technology that’s socially responsible. If you don’t you should stop doing it frankly. There’s a fairly good question: “Are we in fact as stewards of the technology doing the right thing architecturally?”
Eben: Well your proposition about disruption is the right proposition in response. Something is going to happen.
David: Right. But as technologists we can’t prevent the disruption necessarily. But we can shape it, shape some of the consequences of the disruption and thoughtful voices like yours saying here are things to look for.
Eben: It’s what lawyers usually do. Having thought about this let’s now let me try and tell you about things you’ve written [I submitted some written questions from myself and other Second Lifers prior to meeting Eben in person].
Tish: Well when I mentioned that I was going to talk to you several people had some questions in Second Life. This one came from Gareth Nelson (a.k.a Gareth Ellison in Second Life):
LL get people to sign a contrib agreement allowing them to relicense their work commercially. They also use trademarks to make it very difficult to release a product based on the viewer without their consent in order to release a non-SL product based on the viewer you’d have to remove all mentions of SL in the code or LL have stated their
policy is to enforce the trademark. It would be interesting to get a legal opinion on that - i.e is it reasonable for them to deny forks with such means?
Eben: you can imagine somebody so embedding their trademark material in a GPL program that the difficulty of removing it is so severe that in practice they’ve essentially made it impossible. And, if they then behave in a way which attempted to inhibit distribution of the software through the exploitation of their trademarks they would in fact have in one sense or another made the GPL a nullity.
But here we have a complexity because it’s theirs to start with. They haven’t got any third party code in there. So until they have some third party code in there they could have not had GPL at all and that would have been perfectly acceptable. And they can GPL it but nonetheless make their proprietary commercial license business attractive to people by creating incentives to use the proprietary licensed version instead of the GPL’d version.
Since removing all the trademarks from the GPL’d version is a job that only has to be done once, because after that all you have to do is remove the trademarks from patches, and removing the trademarks from the gifs doesn’t mean going through the whole codebase again. The general likely outcome is I’m going to say no foul has occurred. It’s their code you can scrub it once.
It would be highly desirable if they took say the step that Red-Hat has taken of finding ways to segregate all their trademark graphics and other ancillary elements into one branch of the code tree so that you can come along and lop that branch off and replace it with other graphics or other materials that don’t bear trademarks and be done with it.
And if in the long run it’s the Linden Lab position that they want to live as easily as possible with the community that’s what they’ll do. But I don’t think the short way across is to say they can’t do what they’re doing now. The short way across is to say if they inevitably continue to do what they’re doing now and they mean it about aggressively protecting their trademarks, they will wind up defeating the community they seem to want to have.
Tish: This next is a question about virtual assets causes a lot of controversy when it comes up in discussions on Second Life:
How can the Architecture Working Group (a community alliance working on an open architecture for Second Life) think about assets in a broader world than SL? And how can AWG encourage and make fair content creation? What properties would be desirable, in such a scheme, and what legal issues show up?
David: Let me toss in a little background. This is a question I’m particularly interested in, which is people are busy creating digital assets and they want to share broadly and in particular they want to sell them. And, in some sense, one can argue whether encouraging content makers to do content for money is a good thing or a bad thing. But it is certainly what we do for a world these days. But, How do we deal with music? How do we deal media? How do we deal with digital assets that people want to share?
Eben: So the problem again is that we live in a world in which duplicating bit streams is easy and asset value consists of the artificial hardness that we put into the work of duplicating the bit stream.
We create a scarcity which we protect by technological means. The more that scarcity value increases, the more desire there is to subvert the mechanism that inhibits the doing of the actual trivial act of copying the bit stream. The consequence of which is that we get a whole lot of weight on the paratechnology of protecting bitstreams against doing what networks do to bitstreams which is copy them. That’s one of the things which bears down on this.
You have to have everything on one server, because then it’s the operating system code on the server that protects against the copying of the bit streams. So the Fort Knox of the asset system becomes the server which has little rules about who’s got what.
Unfortunately there is no actual difference in the world between Second Life assets and first life assets because money has also ceased to exist in the twenty-first century. Money in most of the long history of human beings was stuff with scarcity value in lumps which could be weighed and measured. After that money was the fiat currency of governments whose credit was either infinite or knowable which was hard to counterfeit.
In the 21st century money is information flows arbitrarily assigning to me the right to purchase so many goods in the world and to you the right to purchase so many goods in the world, and so on. And the banking system is essentially a system for securely keeping sets of information books which if hacked, or otherwise interfered with, can radically result in the transfer of immense amounts of money in no time because all that’s happened is some bits have changed.
So we’re moving very rapidly into a world in which the Fort Knox’s of first life and the Fort Knox’s of Second Life are the same. They’re numbers in protected files protected by access control levels of one sort or another.
The good news is again through shared secret kinds of technologies or other ones we can break those assets up and distribute them across a million servers so that it doesn’t have to be centralized in order to be as safe as it is when centralized.
I can’t spend the money, you can’t spend the money, and she can’t spend the money because no one person or even two out of the three of us can reassemble the check. Bring us all into one place, make her J.P.Morgan, you Morgan Stanley and me the borrower and suddenly we can put our pieces together and the lost dollar bill is resuscitated.
Again it’s not a perfect solution to the problem. The 21st century economy is the first time there wasn’t anything that prevented me from stealing all the gold in Fort Knox. Sooner or later all the gold in Fort Knox is going to get stolen.
We faced in the first round of crypto wars the presence of the thing called the briefing which is what the incoming president and vice president used to get from the NSA about how we saved the planet through surveillance and if you had unclean encryption there’s going to be nuclear destruction.
I can remember when Mike Nelson of IBM got ‘the briefing’ as an incoming Clinton administration figure and was then sent to Phil Zimmerman and to me, Oh if you only know what I know now you’d give up the fight. And they said well publish it Mike and maybe we will. Instead we constructed a thing called the alternate briefing which was a briefing to policy makers which said because you don’t universalize strong encryption in the world because everybody doesn’t know how it works and everybody doesn’t have access to it, a secret hole built up last night in the world banking system three trillion dollars had disappeared. Nobody exactly knows where it is this morning. Markets open up in three minutes what do you do now Mr. President?
The problem with the Second Life asset is really the problem of the [First Life] asset. It’s not different. And one of the scary things about the 21st century is that it isn’t different. Having said all that, I agree that this question of making money out of nothing, so that assets come into existence suddenly is scarier for many of the people who run the world’s monetary system than the sudden disappearance of money.
It’s really scary that somebody could be making something that would have value in the system that they built because they think they’re the only people with right. In theory it could get to be a really important problem, The good news is that most of the people on earth can’t eat virtual food. In the end the power of the real economy is going to keep this thing restricted to a certain kind of luxury production. And we are probably good at that. That may cushion some of the difficulties that arise in the world where Pay Pal does more business than all the Forex markets everyday.
The stupidest piece of economics I ever read in my life was the paper which when I got to law school was the most admired piece of economic reasoning of the past generation which was Milton Friedman’s classic article about why currency speculators contributed to currency stability Friedman wrote this paper and most of the economists who taught me when I was in college in the seventies thought that that paper which was then 16 years old attacking the Brenton Woods’ system on the ground that currency speculation is the primary means of maintaining currency stability was the most brilliant thing they had ever read.
Bernie Saffron, my teacher at Swarthmore, who had served on Jimmy Carter’s council of economic advisors gave me a B+ in micro economics in 1979 after the A+ I got in macro economics in the fall because I wrote on the exam that Milton Friedman’s paper was the stupidest thing I ever read. Now as George Soros can explain I was correct. He was the one who got rich knowing that Milton Friedman was an idiot.
Currency speculators don’t contribute to stability of the world currency reserves. And the reason that they don’t is because they are not the marginal arbitragers that Milton Friedman thought they were. Milton Friedman’s logic was revealed to be horseshit the minute that the Forex traders started trading more every year than the monetary reserves of the large countries because that made central bank intervention irrelevant. And that’s what shelved the Rubel.
And it is what produced the great problems of currency in the late 1990s. And it is what’s about to produce the enormous difficulty we are going to have with the United States dollar - which is governments don’t control currencies levels anymore. Friedman thought that these arbitragers, these beautiful capitalist business men operating at the edges of a system whose gravity is over here can do nothing but stabilize it. Soros said wait a minute the axis has been flipped governments can’t even stabilize what I can trade.
Now we about to live in a world where that is square. And there is effectively no way to get larger than Pay Pal or the other bit traders eventually get because they have every business from two kids in a bar sharing a bar tab. I watch these guys in my twenty something crowds in LA first then in New York. When they go out for a round of drinks they Pay Pal the money back and forth to themselves from their handhelds at the bar. That is how they square the drink stab at the end of the night.
They have everything from that micro handle to all the business on EBay to the point at which if I want to get money to somebody elsewhere in the world I am way better sending it through Pay Pal than almost any other mechanism. It is almost one thirtieth the cost of sending a wire transfer internationally, and my bank is going to give me all this bullshit, and the Federal Government, and the know your customer and all that stuff.
Now admittedly the United States Government crawled inside the ass of Pay Pal when [inaudible]? were running it in the first place. They had it totally wired. But that’s OK it is less paper work than I have with dealing with J.P. Morgan.
Now we come to the Second Life asset stream look at what happens. We have virtualized the entire world …this stuff is stuff over in the corner but you can’t eat it. In the end you can’t trade it in for the stuff you can eat at anything like the speed that would be necessary in order to build it as a hole in the world financial system. When it is a hole in the world financial system you will suddenly meet some very powerful people making a real fuss.
Is anybody from one of the major investment banking houses sitting in on the Architectural Working Group.
David: No they are not.
Tish: But they are hovering around Second Life.
Eben: Well I will make a prediction. They will show up. And they will show up very heavy, very hard. If you are lucky they will show up through the securities industries financial management association or one of their sort of combined IT shops. If you are not lucky they will show up with the storm troopers because this is their stuff you are fucking with.
David: It is only a million a day turnover today so that is not scary to anyone. But if it goes from 1 million, to 10 million, to 100 million over the next ten years, they need to understand what is going to happen.
Eben: And they can expect to either be looking at an unregulated wild west that they would approach with both vigor and prudence or a highly regulated environment in which they will look for a way to use the house edge. And what they each want will depend on forces I can’t foresee about what Merrill Lynch and Citicorp are each thinking.
David: If I personally had the decision about this I would say we have pretty good micro-payment systems - called Pay Pal - why on earth would you make a new one.
Eben: Well yes… except that that one has its roots dug deep in the actual financial system which means the minute you go there, there is no fire wall. The play money aspect of the thing makes it possible for a whole lot of stuff to happen.
Your guys who are all so interested in their assets values they haven’t met the tax authorities yet.
David: Some have.
Tish: Yes in Europe with the VAT.
Eben: Yes I have heard that.
David: But the vast majority of them haven’t worried about the tip they get for playing live music being taxed the way they should be.
Eben: What will happen if that thing gets its hooks into the financial system, if it did share a payment platform with the real world, the taxing authorities would be there immediately. Look at the United States government’s attitude about gambling.
The asset values built up in an Antiguan casino online are the asset values in second life. They’re paper profits and losses generated in a flow of offshore money which if it has an entree to the American Credit Card and bank account is the story. So you could model this with the online poker explosion.
My CTO Bradley Coon was there every step of the way going up and every step of the way going down. Bradley used to sit at home in the evenings and play 12 tables while his wife was doing the Live Journal. They had a beautiful little digital console. Bradley played blindfold poker 16 tables while working for me. And of course made lots of profits which as the United States government began to close down the online poker shops and arresting British business executives on their way through the United States on their way to Acapulco and stuff like that, slowly closed down. And figuring out how to get your money out of each of the online poker houses as they each surrendered to the government and they effectively quarantined peoples winnings became what all the poker players were doing.
If Second Life actually ran head on into the tax system there would be a sudden recalculation of a whole lot of trading positions. This whole problem is the problem with the internet sales tax moratorium. It’s the problem of the bit tax not just the VAT on the goods but the VAT on the telecommunications services which is the great unregulated question in European tax laws.
David: And Australia for that matter. They have the same regulatory scheme, pay for bandwidth, pay for each bit.
Eben: And that proposition leads to the clear sense that the telecoms provider ought to calculate cost going in and cost going out and pay the VAT on the difference which produces an enormous windfall to the public fisc and which has uncalculable consequences for the nature of the digital economy. So people back off.
In an European law faculty there will be a person with a tenured chair in VAT that’s a separate legal specialty OK? And I’ve heard the European VAT professors when they get together and start fighting about the bit tax. They use services. Sales taxes on services have a very powerful European history. There was an 18th century system for sales tax on services which were brilliantly effective. It was called stamp taxes. It meant putting little pieces of revenue stamp on the pieces of paper on which services were performed. And if you were a service businessman all your documents in and out had revenue stamps on them and stamped paper was what you did business on. British have been paying stamp taxes since the early 18th century in perfect peace.
When you attempt to introduce sales taxes on services in North America you get trouble. It was done by the British Empire in the late 1760s and there was trouble. It was done in Florida in the 1990s and there was trouble. Our state advertising agencies didn’t like being taxed by Florida sales taxes on services and they contributed a great deal of advertising to making it very hard for the government of Florida to continue until it withdrew the sales taxes on services.
We on the other hand paid poll taxes in the United States until the Supreme Court outlaws them with the greatest happiness in life, in part because it helped us to keep black people from voting. Poll taxes were imposed in England twice, once in 1381 resulting in the peasants rising, and once under Margaret Thatcher resulting in the end of Margaret Thatcher’s regime.
Which cultures will pick what taxes is a very hard thing to understand. Nobody knows what virtual communities will bear and how they will pay their taxes. But when their values rise to a certain point they will pay their taxes and the question of that imposition will be disruptive in another way.
So I think that people ought to go cautiously they ought to understand that the big players with the big power, the people who use the money system around the world with a great deal of muscle and the people who use the tax system around the world with a great deal of muscle have not arrived at this party yet.
If they start making their rule under the assumption that those guys are never going to show up, they’re going to be very negatively surprised by the outcomes.
What they really need to be doing is inconspicuously and thoughtfully planning for what their positions are going to be when the big guys show up. And they need to get ready for that more than they need to have pipe dreams of their own about how they’re going to use technical means to preserve their asset values in currencies that will never make it to market, and that will never be subject to income tax and VAT. It’s going to look very different when it reaches equilibrium.
Aferro GPLv3, Architectural Working Group, data mining, digital public space, Eben Moglen, Free Software, IBM in Second Life, online privacy, open metaverse, Open Source, open sourcing Second Life, social networks Software Freedom Law Center
